Themes in of Mice and Men - 1614 Words

Themes, Motifs Symbols Themes Themes are the fundamental and often universal ideas explored in a literary work. The Predatory Nature of Human Existence Of Mice and Men teaches a grim lesson about the nature of human existence. Nearly all of the characters, including George, Lennie, Candy, Crooks, and Curley’s wife, admit, at one time or another, to having a profound sense of loneliness and isolation. Each desires the comfort of a friend, but will settle for the attentive ear of a stranger. Curley’s wife admits to Candy, Crooks, and Lennie that she is unhappily married, and Crooks tells Lennie that life is no good without a companion to turn to in times of confusion and need. The characters are rendered helpless by their isolation,†¦show more content†¦Motifs Motifs are recurring structures, contrasts, and literary devices that can help to develop and inform the text’s major themes. The Corrupting Power of Women The portrayal of women in Of Mice and Men is limited and unflattering. We learn early on that Lennie and George are on the run from the previous ranch where they worked, due to encountering trouble there with a woman. Misunderstanding Lennie’s love of soft things, a woman accused him of rape for touching her dress. George berates Lennie for his behavior, but is convinced that women are always the cause of such trouble. Their enticing sexuality, he believes, tempts men to behave in ways they would otherwise not. A visit to the â€Å"flophouse† (a cheap hotel, or brothel) is enough of women for George, and he has no desire for a female companion or wife. Curley’s wife, the only woman to appear in Of Mice and Men, seems initially to support George’s view of marriage. Dissatisfied with her marriage to a brutish man and bored with life on the ranch, she is constantly looking for excitement or trouble. In one of her more revealing moments, she threatens to have the black stable-hand lynched if he complains about her to the boss. Her insistence on flirting with Lennie seals her unfortunate fate. Although Steinbeck does, finally, offer a sympathetic view of Curley’sShow MoreRelatedTheme Of Loneliness In Of Mice And Men998 Words   |  4 Pages In Of Mice and Men, John Steinbeck utilizes loneliness as an overarching theme, there is however one character that is noticeably longer than the others in Steinbecks novella. This character is Crooks, a bitter and aloof man, he used to have a family with brothers and a 10 acre chicken ranch. Now he lives the life of a stable buck isolated by his race (he is the only African American on the ranch) among other things (Steinbeck,2002). This loneliness truly characterises him and causes no end toRead MoreTheme Of Foreshadowing In Of Mice And Men1219 Words   |  5 PagesIn the book, Of Mice and Men, foreshadowing is used all the way from the title of the book to the last sentence. Of Mice and Men was written by Nobel Prize for literature winner, John Steinbeck. The book is about two migrant workers with the fantasy of a place to call their own. When George and Lennie end up traveling together to a new town to find work, new challenges await them there that are disastrously worse than the ones they faced in their former town, Weed. How does Steinbeck use foreshadowingRead MoreTheme Of Loneliness In Of Mice And Men1368 Words   |  6 PagesOf Mice, Men and Loneliness John Steinbeck is the author of the story Of Mice and Men. He grew up in the Salinas River Valley in California, where Of Mice and Men takes place. Steinbeck grew up in 1929 when the Great Depression was going on. Of Mice and Men also takes place during the Great Depression. There were many migrant workers during the Great Depression. Migrant farm workers are men who move around the country working and earning wages and then moving to the next farm. These migrantRead MoreThe Theme Of Loneliness In Of Mice And Men816 Words   |  4 PagesGreat Depression. He dropped out of college to pursue his passion for writing. In 1937, he wrote Of Mice and Men, one of his more serious novellas. In his novella, Of Mice and Men, John Steinbeck uses the characters Crooks, Curleys wife, and Candy to contribute to the overall theme of loneliness. To begin, Steinbeck uses Crooks, the stable hand who is discriminated against, to contribute to the theme of loneliness. Crooks is so highly discriminated against because he is the only black man on theRead MoreOf Mice and Men - Theme of Loneliness1641 Words   |  7 PagesOF Mice and Men - Theme of Loneliness Controlled Assessment - Of Mice and Men Of Mice and Men’ is written by John Steinbeck. The novel is set in the 1930s during the great depression in California, America. Loneliness is the consistent theme running through the novel, relating as it does to the other themes namely: broken dreams and prejudice. Steinbeck illustrates through Curleys wife, Candy, and Crooks, three main characters of the novel the great negative effect of lonelinessRead MoreTheme Of Isolation Of Mice And Men868 Words   |  4 PagesIsolation â€Å"A guy needs somebody—to be near him. A guy goes nuts if he ain’t got nobody,† says one of the characters in the story (Pg. 72). Loneliness and isolation are two of the main themes in John Steinbeck’s novel Of Mice and Men. Throughout this story, it is clearly shown that even if someone is in a crowd, it does not mean that they feel included. In fact, it is even easier to feel excluded by the cause of discrimination, racial hate, and fear. Although countless characters in this book tryRead MoreThe Theme Of Loneliness In Of Mice And Men1919 Words   |  8 Pageslonely an’ he gets sick†(Steinbeck 72-73). While an African American man named Crooks made this comment in Steinbeck’s novella Of Mice and Men, this sentiment can also be applied to anyone who is lonely, especially if they lived through the Great Depression. In the 1930s’, many people experienced awful circumstances that forced them to resort to desperate measures for money. Men often deserted their families and became , migrant workers, travelling from job to job in order to survive. In the novella, CandyRead MoreThe Theme Of Adversity In Of Mice And Men1350 Words   |  6 Pagessocieties. The theme of adversity and how it affects characters discussed in class can be seen clearly within the novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, and the graphic novel of Persepolis by Marjane Satrapi. The fictional novella Of Mice and Men - based in 1930’s California during the Depression - demonstrates the struggles of adversity distinctly through the characters of Curley’s Wife and Crooks, and the non-fictional story of Persepolis – a story narrating the author’s childhood during theRead MoreTheme Of Loneliness In Mice Of Men725 Words   |  3 Pages †You never realize how lonely you are until it’s the end of the day and you got a bunch of things to talk about and no one to talk to.† In the book Mice of Men by John Steinbeck he expresses loneliness through many of his characters in his book. Loneliness is a theme that is throughout the story that so many characters had. Their loneliness can let us see that characters in a different light and Steinbeck wants the reader to see. George, Crooks, and Curley’s Wife are characters that have lonelinessRead MoreOf Mice And Men And The American Dream Theme756 Words   |  4 Pageswords, themes, characters, and events. It is based upon the time period of the great depression, where many people were poor, had no self courage, and especially, had dreams that seemed impossible. Of Mice and Men creates a world of gloom, sadness but also joy. The novella specifies many problems that the world had and still has in modern day. The novella is driven by a common theme tha t shows the flaws and strengths of the characters. The American Dream is an important theme in Of Mice and Men because

The Hobbit Movie Vs Movie Essay - 1473 Words

The thought that is running through all our heads when we are in English class is, can t we just watch the movie? The answer is no, we can t just watch the movie because the book has many major details that the movie does not include. For our age, reading the book will have a major impact on our life ahead, how we look at the world, and how we look at others. Some of us may be unhappy that we are reading the book and not just watching the movie, but we need to realize, that not only with The Hobbit but with all movies, they are vastly different from the books. In chapter one of the book An Unexpected Party compared to the first part Hobbit movie, (An Unexpected Journey) there were many very noticeable differences. Such as the way the†¦show more content†¦Such as how they escaped from the Goblin tunnels. In the book, they Just took the chance when none of the Goblins were looking and ran. In the movie, they had to defeat the Goblin King in order to escape. For Bilbo, escaping was a slightly different journey in this section of the book compared to the movie. For Bilbo in the book he had gotten hit in the head and was lost. He found Gollum s ring and played his game of riddles then escaped. In the movie the goblins did not see Bilbo, so he was not captured. He had fallen off of one of the walk-ways and saw Gollum s ring and took it. He had his game of riddles and then escaped. Chapter six Out of the Frying-Pan into the Fire and the last part of the first movie there were some minor differences that will impact the rest of the book and the next movies. In the book, once Thorin and company escaped the goblin tunnels, Bilbo told the others how he had escaped using this magical ring. However, in the movie, he did not mention using any magical ring while escaping Gollum. In the start of the second movie, (The Desolation of Smaug) compared to the seventh chapter of the Hobbit Queer Lodgings, there were many very noticeable differences. In the start of the second movie, Peter Jackson added a scene where Gandalf and Thorin were talking in a bar about the journey they would venture together. That scene was not in the book. How the company met Beorn, (a shape-shifter) was also vastly different fromShow MoreRelatedReflection Paper On My Writing5143 Words   |  21 PagesRebottaro ENG 131.72 Nicole Brake Reflection Essay Throughout my semester in English 131, I have gained many improvements to both my writing skills and my writing process. One such improvement was making me think critically on my essays in both this class and another class where we had to write essays. On all of my later self-reviews, I constantly gave way below what I was eventually given, and that helped me so much, by changing my essays so much more than what I would have done originallyRead MoreInvestigating Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring Essay1850 Words   |  8 PagesInvestigating Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring English essay The filmmakers of the lord of the rings use presentational devices to give an idea what the characters, themes and the action to the audience. In order to understand the interpretation of the good vs. evil is given in the film the fellowship of the ring, we will be analyzing and also reviewing on the use of the films language we will be focusing on our own opinions. We will be focusing

Consumer Behavour Free Essays

string(38) " evaluating the various alternatives\." Models of Consumer Behaviour UNIT 9 Objectives MODELS OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR After reading this unit, you should be able to: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ identify the different levels of consumer decision-making explain the process of consumer decision-making differentiate between types of buyer decision behaviour describe the buyer behaviour with the help of an input, process, output model Structure 9. 1 Introduction 9. 2 What Is a Decision? 9. We will write a custom essay sample on Consumer Behavour or any similar topic only for you Order Now 3 Levels of Consumer Decisions 9. 4 Process of Decision- Making 9. 5 Types of Purchase Decision Behaviour 9. 6 Stages in the Buyer Decision Process 9. 7 Models of Buyer Behaviour 9. 8 Summary 9. 9 Key Words 9. 0 Self-assessment Questions 9:11 Further Readings 9. 1 INTRODUCTION In this unit we shall examine how a consumer actually arrives at the decision to purchase a specific product or brand out of the so many available in the market. Or, in other words, we shall study the process of consumer decision-making. In the previous unit we had discussed a simple model of consumer decision-making, comprising an input, process and an output. A consumer receives stimuli from the environment and the specifics of the marketing strategies of different products and services, and responds to these stimuli in terms of either buying or not buying the product. In between the stage of receiving the stimuli and responding to it, the consumer goes through the process of making his decision. 9. 2 WHAT IS A DECISION? A decision is the selection of an alternative out of the several number of alternatives available. It is only when theme are two or more alternatives available that there is the need to make a choice. In the field of consumer behaviour, we are only concerned with situation in which the consumer has to take a purchase decision where there is a choice available. 27 Understanding Consumers 9. 3 LEVELS OF CONSUMER DECISIONS As a buyer or consumer you are all the time making decisions such as what product to buy (a book or a shirt as a birthday present for your friend), Which brand (Lux, Liril, Hamam, Rexona or OK toilet soap) from where (Super Bazar, nearby corner shop, chemist), etc. Table 1 presents a summary of the different levels of purchase related decisions most commonly encountered by consumers. The table highlights the broad range of choices the consumers have to select from when making a decision, starting from the generic product category level to the brand level and retail outlet level. 9. 4 PROCESS OF DECISION-MAKING The most basic and important requirement for the marketer is to understand how consumers make choices. Ajzen and Fishbein have attempted to explain human choice behaviour in their theory of reasoned action which states that: â€Å"Generally speaking-human beings are usually quite rational and make systematic use of information available to them. People consider the implications of their actions before they decide to engage or not to engage in a given behaviour. † Thus, making a decision is a rational and conscious process in which the consumer evaluates each of the available alternatives to select the best amongst them. Each decision you make involves an elaborate mental thought process, a degree of active reasoning, though on the surface it may not always seem to be so. This may be because over a period of time you have taken certain decisions so many times that they now seem to be made almost automatically but that is not true at all. Even your daily decision of buying a loaf of bread involves the element of active reasoning as buying a new sofa set for your drawing room. However, in the former case, the extent and intensity of active reasoning may be much less as compared to the latter case. 28 In the case of bread, the only decision variables may be which brand, quantity and retail outlet. But in case of buying a sofa set the decision variables are far more in number. These may be: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ ready-made or made to order from a furniture shop or to be built at home type of material for frame: Wood, Steel, Aluminium type of material for cushion: cloth, rexine, leather design: with or without arm-rests, height, depth of seat, seating capacity, loose or fixed cushion. Models of Consumer Behaviour Thus, depending on the type of decision being made, the degree and strength of active reasoning will vary. There are three factors which influence the degree of active reasoning that is undertaken by the consumer in his process of decision-making. These are: i) involvement, ii) alternative differentiation, and iii) time pressure i) Involvement: When a product is perceived to be of great personal importance to the customer, such as personal clothing, or its purchase involves a great deal of money or risk such as jewellery, car, house, company shares, the level of involvement in making the decision is likely to be very high. The consumer is likely to spend a great deal of time before arriving at the final decision. In contrast, when buying items which do not reflect much on the consumer’s personality or their purchase involves small amounts of money . or the risk associated with them is not high, the degree of involvement of the consumer is likely to be low. Products such as shoes, polish, toilet soap, toothpaste, biscuits etc. would fall in this category. i) Differentiation: When the consumer perceives that the various alternatives which are available are very different from one another in terms of their features and benefits offered, he is likely to spend more time in gathering information about and evaluating these different features. On the other hand, in case of products which are not very different from one another either in terms of their features or benefits offered, the consumer is bound to perceive them as being almost the same and buy the first available product/brand which satisfies hi s minimum expectation. He will not like to spend much time in evaluating the various alternatives. You read "Consumer Behavour" in category "Papers" The various brands of washing powder available in the market today are an excellent example of low level of differentiation with the consumer perceiving the different brands to be offering almost identical benefits. All the brands, such as Nirma, Vimal, Vijay, etc. look similar with identical packing and carry almost the same price tag. Till a few years ago, the two wheel scooter market in ,India was highly undifferentiated with Vespa and Lambretta offering almost identical scooter to the consumers in terms of basic features. But today the same market is highly differentiated. The consumers have a wide range of brands to choose from such as Kinetic-Honda, Lohia, Bajaj etc. each offering a variety of shapes, horse power and many other innovative features to choose from. A potential consumer of scooter would have to spend considerable time in evaluating each brand before he is in a position to make his decision. iii) Time Pressure: When you are under pressure to make a decision quickly, you cannot afford to spend a long time finding out about the various products or brands. You would probably buy whatever is readily available. While traveling in your car to a hill station your car tyre bursts and you need to buy a new one. At that time you would buy the brand that is available at whatever price without giving it too much thought. But under a different situation, when you need to buy new tyres, you would certainly like to find the features of nylon and radial tyres and evaluate various brands e. g. Modi, MRF, Dunlop and Apollo etc. on their individual advantages and disadvantages. 29 Understanding Consumers Activity 1 a) For each of the products/services written below, identify whether the purchase decision involves a high or low degree of involvement under normal circumstances: i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii) viii) ix) x) Scooter Tyre Steel almirah Transistor radio Bicycle Shirting material A pair of shoes Toothpaste A family planning device such as Nirodh Restaurant Voltage stabiliser. b) In respect of the above products, record which differentiated alternatives (brands) are available in the market. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 9. 5 TYPES OF PURCHASE DECISION BEHAVIOUR Consumer buying behaviour varies with the type of buying decision. Earlier, we stated that while a decision for buying bread was almost made automatically, the decision for buying a sofa set was more deliberate and time consuming. Similarly, there is a great deal of difference in buying a tube of toothpaste, clothes for yourself and a refrigerator for your home. We shall now distinguish three types of buying behaviour: i) Routinised response behaviour, ii) Limited problem solving, and iii) Extended problem solving. ) Routinised response behaviour (RRB): This occurs when the consumer already has some experience of buying and using the product. He is familiar with the various brands available and the attributes of each and has a well establ ished criteria for selecting his own brand. Consumers do not give much thought or time when buying such products and already have a preferred brand. The degree of involvement in buying such products is low. Frequently purchased and low cost products such as razor blades, coffee powder, toothpaste, soap, soft drinks, etc. fall in this category. Marketers ealing in products involving routinised response behaviour must ensure the satisfaction of existing customers by maintaining consistent quality, service and value. Also, they must attempt to attract new customers by introducing novel features, using point-of-purchase promotional material and special displays. ii) Limited Problem Solving (LPS): In this type of buying behaviour, the consumer is familiar with the product and the various brands available, but has no established brand preference. The consumer would like to gather additional information about the brands to arrive at his brand decision. For instance a housewife buys refined vegetable oil for her cooking. She is familiar with the concept of vegetable oil (as opposed to say vanaspati and ghee) and also knows that Postman, Dalda and Ruby are some of the prominent brands available. But to establish her choice of brand, she would like to check with her friends and regular shopkeeper about the attributes of each. Limited problem solving also takes place when a consumer encounters an unfamiliar (or new) brand in a known product category. The housewife who buys refined 30 vegetable oil, on her next visit to the market, sees a new brand of oil, Saffola. Apart from being a new brand, this brand of oil also claims the unique attribute of being low in cholesterol. To arrive at a decision, whether or not to buy this brand, the housewife needs to gather information about the new brand which will allow her to compare it with the known brands. The marketer’s task in a situation where he is introducing a new brand in a well known product category is to design a communication strategy that gives complete information on all the attributes of the brand, thus increasing the consumer’s confidence and facilitating his or her purchase decision. ii) Extensive Problem Solving (EPS): Extensive problem solving occurs when the consumer is encountering a new product category. He needs information on both the product category as well as the various brands available in it. This kind of decision is by far the most complex. For instance, you are thinking of buying a Flat colour television to replace your existing black and white TV set. You do not have much idea about how to judge the quality of a, colour TV set. You have heard about the various rands, such as Videocon, BPL, Samsung, LG, Sony, Thomson etc. but you do not know what t heir respective quality ranking is in colour TV. Each brand makes claims of foreign technology, latest features such as flat square tube and channel display. Further, t here is a range of models to choose from within each brand, models with remote control . different cabinet colour finish, vertical monitor styling etc. To arrive at a decision, you have to gather information at three levels and also establish a criteria for evaluating this information. The three levels of information gathering and evaluation are at generic product level, brand level and model level within each brand. The marketing strategy for such buying behaviour must be such that it facilitates the consumer’s information gathering and learning process about the product category and his own brand. The marketer must be able to provide his consumer with a very specific and unique set of positive attributes regarding his own brand, so that the purchase decision is made in his favour. The concept of EPS is most applicable to new products. The product may be new at the generic product concept level (such as Maggi noodles) or it may be an established product concept but new for a particular consumer. In case of a new product concept such as ready to cook instant snack, the entire consumer universe is unfamiliar with the product. The marketer has to spend large amounts of money in educating the consumers about his product. The consumers in turn need a great deal of information before they can take a decision; and the decision process takes a long time. On the other hand, you may have the situation where the product concept is well understood by a majority of the consumers, but it is being bought or used by a particular consumer for the first time. To take a very simple example, a tribal who is exposed to the concept of toothpaste for the first time in his life will seek a lot of information and take a long time to decide. For him, buying a toothpaste is a EPS behaviour, whereas for most of us it simply requires a routinised response behaviour. Models of Consumer Behaviour 9. 6 STAGES IN THE BUYER DECISION PROCESS Even buying decision involves an element of active reasoning. The manner in which this active reasoning manifests itself is illustrated in Figure I. In making a purchase decision the consumer goes through the five stages of: i) ii) iii) iv) v) problem recognition, pre-purchase information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase decision, and post purchase behaviour. However, in case of routine purchases, the consumer may skip the second and third stages and straight away go to the stage of purchase decision. But in case of purchase 31 Understanding Consumers decision involving extensive problem solving, the consumer is likely to go through all the five stages in the specified sequence. The important point to note is that the buying process starts much before the actual purchase and has implications even after the purchase has been made. This should give ideas to the marketer as to how he has to start designing his marketing strategy in order to achieve his specified marketing objectives. Figure I: Stages in the Buyer Decision Process Let us understand the stages in decision-making process with the help of a Mr. Rao’s specific decision to purchase a briefcase. i) Problem Recognition: The buying process starts with the buyer recognising a need or problem. Mr. Rao feels very uncomfortable carrying his papers, files and lunch packet in his hand or in a plastic bag to his work place. Sometimes, the papers and even files from his hand and get spoiled Mr. Rao feels the need for a suitable receptacle to carry papers to and fro from his office and has identified a briefcase as the solution to his problem. i) Pre-Purchase Information Search: In response to the stimuli provided by the need for a briefcase, Mr. Rao starts searching for information on the kinds of briefcases available in the market. Search can be of two types: internal and external. Internal search refers to recalling relevant information stored in the memory. For instance, Mr. Rao may recall having seen the different kinds of briefcases used by his co lleagues. Or he may recall having seen some advertisements for briefcases on the television or in some magazines and newspapers. External search refers to the deliberate and voluntary seeking of new information regarding the product/brand under consideration. Mr. Rao can seek information from the following three sources: †¢ †¢ †¢ Personal sources: family, friends, colleagues, neighbours. Commercial sources: advertisements, retailers, salesmen. Public sources: seeing others, consumer information centres. By tapping all these sources of information, Mr. Rao is able to identify the different types of briefcase on the basis of material, branded versus unbranded, high-mediumlow priced. A wide variety of materials are used for making briefcases ranging from the best leather to rexine to plastic. There are branded briefcases available and Mr. Rao can choose from the well known VIP, Safari and Aristocrat and some less known local brands, or he can choose to buy an unbranded briefcase. The price ranges from Rs. 125 to Rs. 1200. Also, there are a number of other features which can influence the choice, such as type of lock, and number of partitions and pockets for keeping different documents. By the end of this stage, Mr. Rao has gathered enough information about different kinds of briefcases available and has narrowed down his alternatives to moulded plastic, branded briefcase. Within this broad range there are various brands and price ranges to make the final choice from. Evaluation of Alternatives: Mr. Rao will make his final decision using certain evaluative criteria. The most commonly used criteria are: (i) product attribute, (ii) the relative importance of each attribute to the consumer, (iii) brand image, (iv) attitudes towards the different brands or alternatives under considerations. For instance, the product attributes of the (Plastic branded briefcase) alternatives identified by Mr. Rao are: , unbreakable, lightweight, spaciousness, reliability of locking system, colour, price. Mr. Rao attaches maximum importance to the product attributes of light weight and spaciousness as compared to other attributes. He already has some kind of attitude towards the various brands developed in the stage of information search which will affect his final decision. 32 This stage of the buying decision process gives the marketer a chance to modify his product offering in keeping with the relative importance attached to each attribute by various consumer segments, altering beliefs and attitudes about his own brand, and calling attention to neglected product attributes, Purchase Decision: In the evaluation stage, Mr. Rao has ranked the various brands in terms of his first, second and third preference. In short, he has made up his mind about which brand he wants to buy. However, Mr. Rao may finally end up buying a brand which is not his most preferred. This may happen because attitudes of others and †situational factors. For instance, when Mr. Rao goes to the shop to make his purchase, the shopkeeper’s negative remarks about his (Mr. Rao’s) most preferred brand may make him change his mind. Also, it is possible that Mr. Rao’s preferred brand is not available, or there is a very attractive price discount on the brand ranked third by him which eventually makes him change his mind. Post Purchase Behaviour: After purchasing the briefcase, if Mr. Rao finds that its performance or utility matches up to his expectation, Mr. Rao will feel satisfied with his purchase. The satisfaction will reinforce Mr. Rao’s perceived favourable image of the brand, which is likely to be extended to the entire range of products manufactured by the Company. Also, Mr. Rao is likely to strongly recommend the brand when his friends ask his advice for buying a new briefcase. A satisfied customer is thus a very powerful source of influence for potential customers. However, if Mr. Rao feels that the briefcase which he has purchased is not upto his expectation, then he is likely to feel dissatisfied. The gap between expected (or perceived) and the actual performances causes discomfort or dissonance to the buyer. As a result of this, Mr. Rao may decide to stop buying other products sold by the same Company and also warn his friends about the poor utility of his briefcase. To reduce his own state of discomfort or dissonance arising from the feeling that he has not made the right choice, Mr. Rao can: (i) re-evaluate the unchosen brands and downgrade their desirability by identifying some negative features, and (ii) search for information to confirm his choice. Models of Consumer Behaviour Activity 2 a) Consider the case of a consumer durable which you may have recently purchased. Try to recall the actual process you might have undergone in buying that. Write down the specific activities you undertook at each stage of the decision-making process. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ b) Do you find any differences in the approach described above and the approach that you may have followed? What could be the reasons for these differences? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 33 Understanding Consumers 9. 7 MODELS OF BUYER BEHAVIOUR Consumer behaviour is a process and purchase is only one stage in that process. There are many underlying influences ranging from internal motivations and attitudes to social and external influences of many kinds. Having explained the consumer decision. making process, now let us turn our attention to the process of consumer or buyer behaviour. We shall explain the process of buyer behaviour with the help of four models. The first two models describe the decision process as applicable to individual consumer. The third model explains the decision-making process of a group, namely the family. The fourth model explains the decision-making process in the context of an organisation. Howard-Sheth Model This model explains the buyer decision process using four major sets of variables as presented in Figure II. The four sets of variables are: (i) inputs, (ii) perceptual and learning constructs, (iii) outputs and (iv) exogenous or external variables. i) Input: The input to the customer decision process is provided by three distinct types of stimuli. Of these two types of stimuli are provided by the marketer in the form of physical, tangible product characteristics known as significative stimuli, and intangible, perceptual product characteristics known as symbolic stimuli. To return to the example of Mr. Rao, while the physical appearance, sturdiness, finish, and spaciousness would constitute the significative stimuli for quality, the overall quality that Mr. Rao perceives in his briefcase connotes the symbolic stimuli. The actual price paid for the briefcase is significative stimulus while the perception that the price is reasonable, or too high or is a good bargain is the symbolic stimulus. The third type of stimuli is provided by the consumer’s family, reference groups and social class to which he belongs. 34 How to cite Consumer Behavour, Papers

Change Management Employees and Teams

Question: Discuss about theChange Management for Employees and Teams. Answer: Introduction Change Management is quite crucial for organizations; it can be defined a transition for organizational teams, employees, teams from the current state to a future state so as to ensure they meet their Companys vision (Cameron Green, 2004). It is happening almost daily; organizations are doing this to maximize profits, improve performance and to gain competitive advantage. Most organizations have had their success because of embracing positive change. Positive change is, therefore, necessary for organizations. For my assignment, I will focus on the Sunny Maldives Company. I chose this company as it is one of the leading enterprises in the tourism industry. In Maldives tourism is the primary economic activity, this is because it is an island. Many people choose their getaways in islands hence Maldives has been very many tourists. It is owned by a group of companies namely Maldives deluxe resorts, book Maldives resort and Maldives dive boats (Cameron Green, 2004). Sunny Maldives Background Sunny Maldives was registered in the year 2000. It was known as Marvelous Maldives and later rebranded to Sunny Maldives. The aim of the organization is to run any business involved in tourism. It is recognized by the ministry of education of the state. It started as a company for booking hotels and reservations for tourists; customers were quite satisfied with this service as they offered them professionally. After six years the company had a management reshuffle so as to make sure it gained a competitive advantage over its competitors. After the reshuffle, the organization was able to hit a high target of customers, gain competitive advantage, develop companys mission and vision statements. Today Sunny Maldives is one of the most reliable and trusted companies in the state; it also gives a variety of services bookings, resort allocation and resorts total allocation. The success of this organization has been linked to change management and diversification of products. They diversify their products by supplying fish and resort supplies. The company stands out from other enterprises by producing quality products and services. Importance of Change Management Sunny Maldives Company performed better after an organizational change, re-engineering of their workforce was quite crucial to ensure that they gained a competitive advantage, and they were able to stand out from other organizations in the same sector. They can bridge the gap between what their customers needed and the results. Today they offer the best services on the island. The main aim of changing management was to ensure they deliver expected results. Realistically, before 2006, they used to deliver expected outputs materials but not outcomes. It is expensive funding an organization that does not provide results (Change management, 1989). Another importance of change management in the company was to mitigate the missions critical risk. It is paramount for all agencies to have a mission statement. It guides them by showing them what is expected of them shortly ("Change of editorial address", 1985). When an organization fails to work towards achieving its mission statements or fails to control possible risks, they increase their costs of rework, redesign, retrain and in some other cases it may result to retreat. Change management in the Sunny Maldives Company was also to ensure that they treat their employees right. Treating employee's right is important. In most successful organizations, they treat them as their most valuable asset. By treating them right, one creates a conducive environment for working and motivates them ("Change of editorial address", 1985). Motivation is quite crucial as it makes them work to produce results not just to finish the job (Change management, 2007). Another important reason for change management is to enhance innovation. Sunny Maldives change management system was of great success as it assisted the company in coming up with better ways of customer satisfaction. Sunny Maldives introduced a new type of super boats that increased was well accepted in the market. It was evident after the turnaround of management in 2006 (Change management, 2007). The new leaders came sat down, brainstormed and they came up with good ways of diversifying their products and ensuring that their customers are satisfied (Change management, 2007). It is evident that the new team had a lot of innovativeness that was important for the company to move forward. Change management makes customers, suppliers and employees support and understand the need of change (Change management, 2007). In most cases, if we do not manage change customers will not be aware of what is happening. It is, therefore, crucial to inform them so that they can support change and embra ce it (Green, 2007). Identify the Management Changes you Would like to take Place in the Organization. Management changes have already been taking place in this group. There are few changes I would like to make. However, I would like to make slight changes to the FB supervisor. There have been complaints on trip advisor on setting of the dining. Orders were slow, and there was limited list of breakfast foods to choose. In hotels, customer satisfaction is usually gained through good food and excellent service. The customer appreciates the site at the hotel, but they did not get a variety of food which was not what they expected. It is always good to go beyond customer expectations; this is the only way to satisfy customers. I would recommend change management here so as to ensure that the clients get what they expect. Change management does not mean downsizing an employee just because of one complaint. I would recommend training, an increase of people in the department or a reshuffle. In most cases, we find that people may be useful in other fields not only what they have studied in sc hool. Another important change would be the maintenance team. They have a responsibility of maintaining clean, clear water. Most tourists visit this place expecting drinking water, marine flora, and fauna. Marine organisms cannot survive in areas where water is not crystal clear. For this reason, the maintenance team needs to improve and perform their job in a better way (Green, 2007). I would apply change management in this department. I would only reshuffle the structure of the department and ensure they have a retrain on how to do their job. A warning and a reshuffle is a good way of introducing change to an organization (Green, 2007). I find change only necessary in areas which are not performing to their maximum and that are having a lot of complaints. Other complaints on the team include; lack of powdery sand, adamant tides and few marine organisms in the beach. I find this as uncontrollable because they occur naturally. On the other hand, a sound management system should find a way of converting their threats into opportunities. It should also be innovative by coming up with a way of the customers not noticing these cons (Green, 2007). For instance, they should know when the tides are quite high and encourage the tourists to do another activity during this time. Challenges that may Hinder Change Management. We all agree that change is quite difficult to embrace. Most people fear that change may bring us more bad than good. Positive change is of great essence to an organization (Mabey, Skinner, Clark, 1998). There are various challenges that managers face when they are trying to embrace change. Those barriers include; involving employees in the change management process. Realistically, employees always do all the work for the organization while management makes the decisions. For this reason, it is important to involve employees in the change process because at the end of the day change hits them harder than the management (Mabey, Skinner, Clark, 1998). Employees often have better views because they are usually on the ground performing these tasks. Research shows that those who engage employees in the change process are likely to get positive results on change. Effective communication is paramount for all organizations (Murthy, 2007). The basis of success in business is good communication. In change management, an effective communication strategy is vital. Some managers may introduce change, read it to employees and expect them to follow what they have said. As a real Human resource manager, it is important to communicate effectively on change (Murthy, 2007). One should make employees aware that their management is going to be modified in the way of doing things in advance. Employees do not only need to know that the organization will change, but it is also vital for them to know why it is necessary and how they will adapt to change when it comes (Murthy, 2007). Most organizations have a bad shifting plan (Powell, 2014). They fail to introduce change the right way. Immediately they talk about change; they expect everyone to follow the procedures. Introducing change is a challenge, but it only becomes a problem if there are improper planning strategies. Planning on how to conduct change is a good way of planning on how the change will be of success to the organization (Powell, 2014). Planning to change and executing programs as required is planning to be successful bit failure to plan is planning to fail. Some organizations are too involved. In such scenarios, change is usually difficult since they require complex processes (Pagano, 2006). Such situations make it hard to adapt to change and therefore making the organization quite rigid. It is, therefore, important to create systems that can be understood quickly and that are not resistant to change. Complexity does not always lead to success; in fact, the key to success is simplicity and flexibility (Pagano, 2006). A good example is Sunny Maldives which adapted to change management in 2006. Due to its simplicity, it was able to respond to change positively which later resulted in their success (Pagano, 2006). Before applying the change to an organization, it is important to know the team's current state (Pugh, 2009). When an organization is maximizing profits, and it is yielding as much as it can with the input it needs, then it might be unnecessary to introduce change (Pugh, 2009). In other cases is when an organization has just begun, and one is not aware of whether the new body structure is doing good, it may be unnecessary to change it. It is crucial to apply change when the customers know to avoid customer disappointments and so that they may be in the know of what is going on. I believe that change should only occur when it is necessary not because it is working in other organization (Pugh, 2009). We all know that one shoe does not fit all so it is quite essential to consider the current state and whether the organization is in an ability to respond to the change positively. In most cases, external threats are sources of management changes (Pugh Mayle, 2009). Technology is fast growing and for this reason, companies have to be at par with the fast moving technology. Other external forces include; competition, market conditions, and economic forces. As stated earlier organizations embrace change management so as to gain a competitive advantage making them stand out in their target market (Pugh Mayle, 2009). It is a challenge as organizations may not be having enough funds to be like their competitors, another instance is that technology is fast growing hence it may be expensive to change as technology changes (Pugh Mayle, 2009). Another challenge is that when a company executes necessary change, it may lack project evaluation techniques (Pugh, 2007). Change is not all about implementing plans; it involves project evaluation so that an organization can see whether the project of change is of any relevance to the organization or it requires further change (Sadler, 2003). Most companies have a well-established change schedule; they communicate to their employees effectively on the modification procedures nut they fail on evaluating the project. The most important stage is that of evaluation (Pugh, 2007). For instance, if you plant something on good soil, water it once but you fail to check on it, it may not grow because it lacked proper monitoring. Sunny Maldives has been performing well after change management because it had proper techniques of control change (Sadler, 2003). How to Overcome Challenges Facing Change management in Organizations. Every challenge has a solution. There are various ways one can overcome these barriers so as to ensure that the organization embraces change in the right way. A negotiation is a valuable tool ("Special Issue of Strategic Organization: "Strategic Management Theory and Universities"", 2015). It is important for an organization to research whether there are other ways of implementing change. In this case, it is important to talk to employees and assess their views. Managers should also hold interdepartmental meetings so as to ensure that all managers are aware of the process. They later brainstorm so as to check whether there is a better solution so as to make sure the companies take the best step to improve its output and to satisfy their customers ("Special Issue of Strategic Organization: "Strategic Management Theory and Universities"", 2015). Considering effective communication is important. It is only through communication that an organization can be successful (The effective change manager, n.d.). When information is incorrect, it can cause misinformation about change. A team can quickly adapt to change when necessary information is laid down, and employees are aware of what is expected of them. In most cases, effective communication leads to positive change (The effective change manager, n.d.). Leadership is also necessary in overcoming change management barriers (The effective change manager, n.d.). Good leadership will ensure that employees have enough motivation and guidance of leadership. It also helps in driving employees to focus on change. If managers show the importance of change, then employees will be more than willing to follow change. Leadership should be accompanied with adequate communication, and they should be influential enough. If the If the lack any of the above then they cannot influence change (The effective change manager, n.d.). Employee involvement is imperative (The effective change manager, n.d.). Without employees, the workforce cannot be available. It is through employees that most companies achieve success. If employees are involved, they can embrace change positively. Sunny Maldives has had a reshuffle twice (Webb, 2007). I believe that the success of the reshuffle has been due to employee involvement in change. For this reason, they have been able to embrace change successfully. Another way of ensuring that a company overcomes the challenge of complexity in change management is by making sure that the organization has straightforward and untestable processes and organization structure (Webb, 2007). Organizational complexity makes enterprises very rigid to change, and it is hard to apply challenge. If organizations set up proper structures and simple ones, they can adapt necessary change. As stated earlier, Sunny Maldives was able to adapt to change because it has a natural organization structure (Webb, 2007). Conclusion In conclusion, it is crucial to managing change. Change management is vital as it makes it possible for organizations to reduce risk, maximize profits and improve returns. Sunny Maldives has been a very successful company because it has incorporated change as an active strategy of developing the companys profile. Today it is one of the best tourism organizations in Maldives. The company has been able to gain a competitive advantage in the market by producing quality services and products. On the other hand, there are barriers to change; it is not as easy as it seems to implement change successfully. These barriers include employee dissatisfaction, external force effect, organization complexity and ineffective communication. I would urge all agencies to embrace change and strive hard to make sure companies pick up change management for the right reasons. It is also evident that most companies that are picking up as a strategy for beating competitors. Through change, we have been able to have efficient and effective enterprises. References Akingbola, K. (2006). Strategic choices and change in non-profit organizations. Strat. Change,15(6), 265-281. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsc.772 Argyris, C. (1993). Knowledge for action. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Cameron, E. Green, M. (2004). Making sense of change management. London: Kogan Page. Change management. (2007). Oxford. Change of editorial address. (1985). Accounting, Organizations And Society, 10(4), 379. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0361-3682(85)90001-7 HISS management of change. (1996). [London]. Murthy, C. (2007). Change management. Mumbai [India]: Himalaya Pub. House Pvt. Ltd. Pagano, B. (2006). The importance of constituency management. Handbook Of Business Strategy, 7(1), 369-374. https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10775730610619098 Powell, T. (2014). Strategic management and the person. Strategic Organization, 12(3), 200-207. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1476127014544093 Pugh, D. (2009). Change management. Los Angeles [u.a.]: Sage. Pugh, D. Mayle, D. (2009). Change management. Los Angeles: SAGE. Pugh, L. (2007). Change management in information services. Aldershot, Hampshire, England: Ashgate. Sadler, P. (2003). Strategic management. Sterling, VA: Kogan Page. Special Issue of Strategic Organization: "Strategic Management Theory and Universities".(2015). Strategic Organization, 13(4), 365-367. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1476127015616707 Special Issue of Strategic Organization: "Strategic Management Theory and Universities".(2015). Strategic Organization, 13(2), 163-165. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1476127015580428 The effective change manager. Webb, K. (2007). The Continued Importance of Geographic Distance and Boulding's Loss of Strength Gradient. Comparative Strategy, 26(4), 295-310. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01495930701598607 Analoui, F., Karami, A. (2003).Strategic management in small and medium enterprises. London [u.a.: Thomson. Thompson, J. L., Martin, F. (2010).Strategic management. Andover: Cengage Learning. Smit, E., Morgan, N. I. (1996).Contemporary issues in strategic management. Pretoria: Kagiso Tertiary.

10 Best Proposal Examples [With Critical Critiques]

10 Best Proposal Examples [With Critical Critiques] Earning more business starts most often with an effective proposal. Preparing a winning proposal means writing for the client and providing a clear, valuable solution to their problem. For every Request for Proposal (RFP), there are good and bad proposals. To understand how to improve your submissions, we have reviewed ten great examples. These examples are prepared by proposal software companies. All are free to view without registration. In this article, we will review these examples highlighting both the best practices used and common mistakes to avoid. If you are looking to create a winning business proposal for your company we suggest taking our proposal writing training course. 1. Digital Marketing Proposal This proposal is effective because it provides a clear, specific solution to the client’s problems. It opens with a value-oriented executive summary. The scope of services provides brief but informative summaries of the offered services. The very first paragraph states the specific benefits to the client. â€Å"... we are confident we can significantly increase your site traffic, customer engagement, and on-site conversions.† The timeline and the budget, persuasively phrased as ‘Your Investment’ are straightforward and easy for the client to understand and decide upon. The case study placement is a bit distracting, as it could be included near the end with the About Us section. 2. Financial Services Proposal The flow and content of this proposal are strong, with one significant exception: the About Us section. While the About Us and Team sections do add value, the client is most interested in the solution. If the solution is appropriate, then the people behind it are the next consideration. The first-page executive summary should be a convincing and specific overview for the reader. This section along with proposed service details, timelines and budget are read in depth. The About Us sections are simply skimmed. Whether using a software or your company’s template, present the client with the most important information first. Make it easy for the client to understand and see the value in your company's proposal. 3. Web Design Proposal This document clearly outlines the process for implementing the proposed services. The financials are broken down so the client can understand unit, hourly, and subscription costs. However, the About Us and Team sections come just after the introduction. Ensure the solution sections come first. 4. Engineering Services Proposal Here, the Project Background sections clearly outline the work process for the client. Each task is clarified and seems to respond to specifications of an RFP. Using client specifications to prepare a proposal makes it easier for the reader to understand how your solution directly solves their problem. This section is strong and should come just after the executive summary. However, the introductory summary should include more persuasive and specific language. As noted previously the Introduction and Team sections should fall towards the end of the proposal. Always lead with the benefit to the client. It’s not about your business. The focus should be how your business can help the client. 5. CRM Implementation Proposal The introduction or executive summary uses convincing language and bullet points to highlight the value. It could be improved by shifting the language from general CRM best practices to how the company can specifically offer them based on this proposal. Again, the About Us section should come after the proposal benefit-to-client details. 6. Freelance Writing Proposal A sleek web-based proposal that includes specific offerings and clarification of the value. The Introductory letter and Executive Summary have strong, persuasive elements that refer to specific client needs. These two elements could be combined to strengthen the first section. Again, the About Me should be presented after the solution.7. Insurance Services Proposal A brief proposal that covers a range of offerings. Nice overall use of white-space to allow the reader to skim and find the important information. The lengthy paragraphs could be shortened to increase readability and add to the white-space. Remember what we said about About Us? 8. Interior Design Proposal A visually compelling document suited for the industry. Bumping up the Project Showcase section would improve proposal flow.9. Graphic Design Proposal A simple but effective proposal. The introduction focuses on client needs (and would be more specific in a real-world document). Credentials, Testimonials, Selected Works should come after the Project Summary. 10. Project Management Proposal A thorough, understandable proposal that breaks down the process and pricing. The content highlights the company’s knowledge of client needs and their value proposition. However, the executive summary leaves much to be desired. Every sentence should be persuasive and specific, whereas this text is uninspiring and unclear. Conclusion Your proposal is your direct chance to win new business. Keep the client in mind in each step of proposal preparation. This strategy may mean revamping existing templates or starting fresh. Take the best parts of these examples, avoid the mistakes, and put your best foot forward to help the client.

Evaluate the Roman Achievement essays

Evaluate the Roman Achievement essays The greatest cities, the greatest empires, the greatest dictators, and the greatest example of conquest and administration in the history of civilization. More land than the united states, 3 million square miles acquired in 500 years and held for an additional 400 years. All the land, people and assets of the roman empire were controlled by one city, Rome. As the roman empire expanded, many diverse cultures were taken over and incorporated into the empire we called roman. When the cities were taken over, the entire upper level of the city would be executed and replaced by roman officials. A heavy tax would also be imposed on the economy that was sent to directly Rome. The rest of the city would be left alone and incorporated into the roman empire. The primitive barbaric uncivilized tribes would be treated in a similar way, where their leaders would be replaced with romans and instead of a financial tax, they would supply infantry for the roman army. Their military was extremely efficient since they did not tolerate any problems in the upper level of command. It was structured so that there were 100 to 120 soldiers in each legion, and that legion was commanded by a centurion. The soldiers would wear a leather helmet, leather shin guards, leather breast plate, and a leather shield. The weapon was a short sword called a gladius, where the word gladiator comes from. To attack, the soldiers would line up in 3 lines of 30 - 40 soldiers and then jog at the enemy to do battle. The administration was a democracy on paper, but in real life it was an aristocracy. The rich and powerful families of Rome controlled what the assembly did and thought. Since the entire assembly was controlled by the aristocrats, so was the way that the assembly voted. With the most powerful family in power, they control the army since the dictator is the general of it all. They control all of the cities since the assembly votes people into...

An major event in my life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

An major event in my life - Essay Example There are some occurrences in my life that I cannot afford to forget. When I memorize these happenings, I sometimes have mixed feelings of happiness and sadness. One of those remembering days was five years ago in Mid-autumn carnival. It was an enthusiastic and pleasuring experience that my classmates and I had together. It happened in the duration of military training, virtually a week given that we had gone to the high school. As we were virtually novel students who came from diverse cultures and backgrounds in Shandong, we had not made a number of allies by that moment. The feeling of being lonely engulfed as. It is common knowledge that Mid-autumn is a get together day for families to assemble and be grateful for the full moon. The place was very far and we could not make it in time. The majority of everything is that we did not have to break for the day. Luckily, the entire class including the teacher jointly exhausted such a special day. We purchased a number of things comprising of sweets, fruits, fruit drinks and moon cakes. Then we discovered a turf we could assemble in a circular manner and make the best out of the event. When the sky darkened, we mutually had the snacks and commenced on playing games. We not only sang but also danced. I perceived the most intriguing thing as making fun of one another. We even went to the extent of joking with the instructor who found no problem with that. At that juncture, we just exhausted the extraordinary day like an entire family. In concluding, we had a prayer and the teacher documented all that transpired by use of a mobile phone. Subsequent to this, we concluded our endeavor and went back to our places of sleep. That entire night made an incredible impression in the whole of my existence. I felt the warmth and enthusiasm just like my own place of residence. Moreover, I stopped thinking about the grief of not being with my family. It was a

Absorptive Capacity in Knowledge Management Essay

Absorptive Capacity in Knowledge Management - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that the final result of absorptive capacity is thus innovation and already performance. Absorptive capacity may be construed as a four-tiered concept. It requires acquisition, proceeded by assimilation followed by transformation and eventually exploitation (Smith et. al., 2005). Acquisition involves the process of obtaining knowledge from external sources. The organization needs to have mechanisms for identifying that knowledge first. In essence, the acquisition process should be related to their core operations. Assimilation ought to follow this process; here, firms must capitalize on their processes and routines in order to interpret, analyze as well as understand the external knowledge. Once assimilation has occurred, the company ought to combine current and assimilated knowledge into one platform through transformation. This may involve a modification for existing practices. Finally, exploitation needs to take place, where a company leverages on its t ransformed capabilities by placing them into their operations. Acquisition may be influenced by a number of variables. The intensity and speed of knowledge acquisition has an effect on the outlook.  

Study on Brady Udall Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Study on Brady Udall - Essay Example The thesis statement of this paper is that in his book, Letting Loose the Hounds, Brady Udall provides his characters an opportunity at hope to support his claim that dealing with the themes of sadness, despair and darkness alone cannot make a book candid and real.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jerry, the protagonist and the narrator of Midnight Raid, is a representative of those people who are dealing with the pain of lost love. "Midnight Raid", perhaps the widely acclaimed story of Udall which is also the first story in this book, reflects the themes of darkness and confusion in the beginning itself. Through the simple, crispy and witty narration by Jerry we come to know that Jerry, drunk, is at the backyard of his â€Å"ex-wife Amy and her new husband Howard† (Udall) at Scottsdale, Arizona, to see his â€Å"seven-year-old son, Tate† and to gift him a goat â€Å"without Amy or Howard finding out about it† (Udall). Here, Jerry, who lost his son in the legal battle to his ex-wife Amy, has come to meet him. Though Jerry is aware about the negative consequences of his action, he deliberately puts in an effort to see his son and communicate his love. Though he had a troubled relation with Amy he was a loving father to Tate.  Ã‚   Hence, Jerry though convinces himself that his relation with Amy ended due to the indiscretions and betrayals  Ã‚   from both sides and that Howard is Amy’s new Husband, he fails to convince the father in him. Jerry, at the moment, is fragmented and is heartbroken.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Midnight Raid is essentially a tragic story which has been tamed well to make it candid and real.   Jerry as well as other characters portrayed in Udall’s stories is found to be constantly dealing with the confusion whether to accept or to fight their sad circumstances. They are stuck in the battle of wills and are constantly being torn apart between ‘letting go’ and ‘wanting to let go’. In t he case of Jerry, we can see that he is confused and worried about his wife who "left [him] to marry this liver-spotted senior citizen with dentures and an artificial leg". He consoles himself at the thought that Howard is rich enough to provide financial security to Amy. His mind is "completely scraped out from the inside" when he finally left his loved ones with Howard.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Udall by making Jerry the protagonist of Midnight Raid is purposefully interweaving humor in to the dark rather unpleasant story. Jerry, the narrator and the protagonist of Midnight Raid, was introduced by Udall as a six-foot-three Apache Indian carrying a goat into his ex-wife's back yard in the middle of the night. Udall bestows Jerry with comic sense that does not get stained even at the face of his desperation, which is evident from many of the passages of the story.   An instance for this is when Jerry, while narrating the â€Å"end of relationship story" states that his â€Å"divor ce was an honest, smash-mouth affair† (Udall).   Udall, in an interview by Robert Birnbaum, regarding the presence of comic in his stories, commented that "a book can't just be all darkness, all dark notes...I owe my characters some opportunity at hope or redemption. It's not going to be the redemption that the reader expects...I respect my characters...I can't just hurt them and kill them just for my purposes...It would be too much for me to do

Ottawa Charter Influences Health Promotion

Ottawa Charter Influences Health Promotion In recent years there has been a growing expectation of new strategies concerning Health Promotion and a number of conferences have been held around the world. One such conference on Health Promotion was held on the 21st day of November 1986 in Ottawa. The objectives of the conference centred on the needs in industrialised countries, and their main concerns were the Declaration on Primary Health Care at Alma-Atta, the World Health Organisations targets for all document, and discussions at World Health Assembly regarding intersectoral actions for health as well as taking into accounts similar concerns in all other regions (WHO 1986). This assignment will explore the literature to assess whether the Ottawa Charter continues to influence the values and practice of health promotion in the 21st century. Discussions will include the concept of health and definition of Health Promotion, factors influencing health, approaches for promoting health and evaluation for health promotion practices against national guidelines. Health Promotion could be defined as a miscellaneous approach to encourage health related life-style behaviours within communities and individuals (Laverack 2007). The aims of Health Promotion, is to allow people to gain control over the determinants of health and thereby improving their health as well as the factors influencing it (WHO 1986, 2005). The most common definition of health, states that health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO 1946). However, although this definition has been accepted widely as a holistic and positive explanation of health, it has been criticised for not considering the spiritual and emotional aspects of health (Eweles and Simnett 2003). According to Laverack (2007) the definition of health is subjective and depends entirely on the experiences and the life styles of a person and has become necessary that healthcare professionals should be aware of the fact that explanations of health are highly understood differently from one individual to the other with regards to issues militating against them such as self-esteem, social support, individual control and social status (Laverack 2007), so that in addressing health issues people should be ready to embrace and undertake interventions of health promotion to achieve realistic goals. The key issues influencing health predominantly include food, shelter, peace, income, education, a stable ecosystem, a sustainable resources, social justice and equity. These have been affirmed as the key fundamental human rights of an individual as emphasised in the Ottawa charter (WHO 1986). Above these health problems, poverty has been the source of danger to health (WHO 1997). Other factors that affect health indirectly are the global economy, financial market and trade, accessibility to media and communication technology as well as environmental degradation as a result of irresponsible way of using resources (WHO 1997). In order to address these issues to attain an ultimate goal and to increase a high level of health expectancy as well as to narrow the gap in health expectancy between countries and communities as a group, there should be the need to focus critically on the visions of The Jakarta Declaration on Health Promotion to derive a possible range of different resources to solve the health determinants in the 21st century. One way of attempting and influencing these values and practices is that, there should be a firm commitment to adopt a Health Promotion strategy that can influence changes in the lifestyles of countries or groups of people living in a geographical area and also changes that can affect the social, economic and environmental conditions that determine health. In order for the promotion of health to be effective, the Ottawa Charter has recognised three basic plans and these are; advocacy for health to create an atmosphere to achieve the essential conditions for health and this is designed to gain political commitment, policy support, social acceptance and systems support for a particular health goal (WHO, GENEVA, 1995). Secondly an enabling conditions for all people to achieve their full health potential and this is done by individuals or groups to empower them through the mobilization of human and material resources, to promote and protect their health through partnership and thirdly to mediate between the different groups and the pursuit of health (WHO, GENEVA, 1984). In view of these three basic strategies, there should be a collaborative effort to arrest these health problems globally, due to its depth and breaths of the issues at stack (Scriven 2005). According to Scriven (2005) this is going to prevent duplication and enable the development of strategies involving political, economic and policy initiatives that address the complexity of health determinants. The WHO (2005) affirms that the on- going initiatives towards a healthier world will need a strong political action, broad participation and sustained advocacy. For a long time past a number of important policies have been developed by the WHO in order to make this happen. The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion which has become the most significant milestone in history today (WHO 1986), also gave birth to the progress that brought about the Declaration of Alma-Ata (WHO 1978). At this conference there was a proposal for the need for health promotion action to: Develop healthy public policy, Create supportive environments, Strengthen community action, Develop personal skill, Re -orientate health services and Move into the future (WHO 1986). Regardless of the policies formulated at the global level, the Bangkok Charter for Health Promotion in a Globalized World (WHO 2005) put forward for consideration the values, principles and action strategies of health promotion established by the Ottawa charter (WHO 1986). The Bangkok Charter recognizes actions, commitments and pledges required to address the determinants of health in a globalised world through health promotion (WHO 2005). Its focus is the need to: Advocate for health based on human rights and solidarity, Invest in sustainable policies, actions and infrastructure to address the determinants of health, Build capacity for policy development, leadership, health promotion practice, knowledge transfer and research, and health literacy, Regulate and legislate to ensure a high level of protection from harm and enable equal opportunity for the health and wellbeing for all. In view of the prospective that global policies of Bangkok and Ottawa charters have to implement to achieve global health and offset the health damaging problems world- wide, reality does not always reflect that actions. For example, according to WHO (2005) since the implementation of the Ottawa Charter, a substantial number of resolutions both globally and national level have been signed in support of health promotion, but these actions have not been followed (WHO 2005). There is a persistent gap between policy knowledge at a global level and policy implementation at country level (Magnusson 2007). This explains that the efforts of policy makers and the potential benefits of globalisation are wasted. The implementation gap should be closed if improving global health is to become a reality (WHO 2005). Despite the implementation and the adoption of the policies proposed in the Ottawa Charter couple with reflections to other series of conferences held globally in the promotion of health, and in addition to different health promotion strategies and the adherence to the values and practices of health promotion, it has become very challenging and impossible to maintain the values and practices set up in the Ottawa charter to achieve the basic fundamental human right towards this 21st century. This is because the world is being confronted with different types of man- made and natural disasters such as wars, earthquake, bush-fires, widespread of pandemic diseases in the disadvantage areas of the world and global warming. Typical of these disasters are the recent floods in Pakistan which started in July this year which inflicted about  £5.9 million in damage to properties, crops and infrastructure and has left more than ten million people homeless and affected about 20 million and devas tated the economy according to world bank report and in addition to these problems the government is persistently confronted with how to tackle the political tensions in the system such as Muslim militant, suicide bombing, tight budget and the endemic corruption that goes on in government institutions (Ahmed 2010). These problems have made it unrealistic for the values and practice of health promotion achievable towards the 21st century. What can be done is that, globalisation poses a threat to the health of the worlds population, but it also presents opportunities. Enhanced interconnectivity, including technology and communications, which means that it is easier for countries to work together to tackle the determinants of health. Policies developed at a global level, such as those of the WHO, can promote health provided that they are implemented judiciously. Countries can face the challenge of globalisation by being supported and prepared through relevant policies, research and education. Countries should embrace globalisation and exploit its benefits for promotion of health care across the world (Seloilwe 2005). This implies that countries have responsibility as individuals in relation to globalisation. The health profile of the world is changing and this has an impact on Health Promotion. The implication is that countries now need to think more globally. This might reasonably begin with an understanding of the nat ure of globalisation and its implications for Health Promotion. Word Count: 1,578

Oedipus, Antogone, And Media :: essays research papers

ANALYTICAL ACCOUNT OF A RUNNING THEME   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"All those who were meant to die have died: those who believed one thing, those who believed the contrary thing, and even those who believed nothing at all, yet were caught up in the web without knowing why.† This particular quote by Jean Anouilh, author of Antigone, helped me choose fate, one of the more interesting underlining themes in all three plays: Oedipus the King, Antigone, and Medea, as the topic for my paper. No matter how hard the protagonists or antagonists in each play tried to change the fate of the protagonists, they failed and fate took over the chain of events. When humans try to change that which is beyond their control, they often fail and make the matters even worse than before as expressed by the authors of the three plays.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Oedipus was born to Laius and Jocasta, their happiness was interrupted by a horrible prophecy: Oedipus will kill Laius and marry Jocasta when he grows up. The mood in Thebes changed from joyous to somber for the king chose to have his own son killed so that he could remain alive. Considering the situation from Laius’ point of view, it is not difficult to understand his actions but the mere fact that he tried to challenge fate causes his actions to seem ironic and cynical. By tinkering with fate, Laius caused the death of Jocasta, and Oedipus’ blindness and banishment in addition to the events caused by fate. In Antigone, Anouilh portrayed Creon in a similar way as Sophocles portrayed Laius. They both contributed more damage than benefit to the protagonists and their families with their â€Å"noble intentions.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Antigone violated the law created by Creon and tried to bury the body of her brother, Creon should have ordered her to be killed right away. Since he tried to persuade Antigone to forget about the body of her brother and marry his son, which was against her fate, his plan did not work out. One might think Antigone, being of noble blood and having a chance to marry a prince, was out of her mind to jeopardize her life while worrying about a dead body but Antigone’s fate was to die fighting for respect of her family. By delaying her death, Creon inadvertently caused the death of his wife and son. Jason tried to interfere with Medea’s fate and lost his life as well as the life of his loved ones.

Proctor, hero or Villain? Essay

Proctor chooses the easy way to escape troubles, as it is a chance to avoid facing up to his responsibilities. He put his own reputation above the well being and happiness of his family. As he cries out â€Å"Because it is my name because I cannot have another in my life† Which finally shows that proctor is apprehensive towards his reputation in the community more than anything else. It is now visible that proctor is showing definite signs of being a villain and not of a hero. It is clear that john has committed the crime of lechery however when approached by Abigail again, john rejects her advances despite her insistence he is determined to remain loyal and faithful to his wife, despite Abigail’s reminders of the past. â€Å"Give me a word john. A word† â€Å"No, no Abby. That’s done with. â€Å"Abby, You’ll put it out of mind. I’ll not be coming’ for you more† Which indicates that proctor clearly regrets his past with Abigail and wants Abigail to put it out of mind. As john regrets his affair with Abigail he tries to make amends to gain Elizabeth’s trust. The attempts to please Elizabeth are clear, as is shown when the compliment about the cooking and his promise to buy George Jacob’s cow Proctor replies to the taste of the rabbit â€Å"It is well seasoned† â€Å"If the crop is good I’ll buy George Jacob’s heifer. How would that please you? † This implies that john is determined to gain Elizabeth’s forgiveness. Despite the fact that Elizabeth has forgiven him. John struggles with forgiving himself, this suggests a more strong conscience on proctors part, and attribute more readily founding in a hero not a villain. Although Proctor seems to dislike reverend parris thought the play. It would appear he had valid reasons. Reverend parris does indeed appear selfish hypocritical and obsessed with financial gain. Upon discovering Abigail’s disaperance, Parris is more concerned with the loss of his money than the fact that his niece has absconded as he clearly shows as he replies to Danforth, â€Å"Thirty one pound is gone. I am penny less† Proctor sees through Parris’s charade, whilst the rest of the village appear to be blinded. It is proctor who recognises and voices the fact that people seeking revenge walk the town Salem and not the devil. Proctor attempts to warn the village he does not keep this information to himself theses are clear actions of a hero an a attempt to save those who even would not be saved John Proctor may not have attended church for the last seven months but he has good reasons for his absence. Notably, his wife Elizabeth had been sick and proctor being a dutiful husband he turns his total devotion to care for her well being. John is conscious of his absence and ensures hale that he. â€Å"Surely did come when he could and when he could not he would pray in his house† Proctor has also been dutiful regarding his responsibilities to the church. He has made his contribution as he has â€Å"Nailed the roof upon the church and hung the church door† proctor can now be seen in a new light, his acts of helping the community show that Proctor cannot be classed as a villain but a hero. Even though Proctor realises that admitting to his act of adultery with Abigail will ruin his reputation, He does so in order to save his wife’s life. Proctor accepts what he has done and he is prepared to come forward to the court and face the consequences of his actions, the destruction of his â€Å"good name† To Danforth’ â€Å"It is a whore I have known her, sir. I have known her†. Quietly excepting his fate. Heroically He puts others first even when offered the life of his wife in return for dropping his charge against Abigail and the girls he considers the lives of the many and not him self, Such braveness in a man can only come from a hero not a villain. Proctor does not simply die for his name which he admits is already stained, he then later on in the book remembers his friends and suggest that if he confesses he will also be unfaithful to them as well as him self â€Å", And I sold my friends† â€Å"Beguile me not! I blacken all of them when this is nailed to the church the very day they hang for silence†. This quotation suggests that Proctor is afraid that if he confesses that he will also blacken the names of his friends. Proctor recognises that many people will innocently and needlessly die if he gives a false confession. A true hero puts aside his own needs in order to serve the greater good. Proctor is mostly concerned for his sons and the example he is setting them. â€Å"I have three children-how may I teach them to walk like men in the world† This quotation is saying that if he gives his confession he will be shamed as well as his sons, this courageous and heroic decision reveals that proctor is a caring family man that cares for his friends and puts other people first a type of man that cannot be classified as a villain in any respect. Conclusion It is difficult to establish whether Proctor is a hero or Villain. The evidence is contradictory; on the one hand Proctor can be seen as a villain for his wrong doings in the past which involved an affair with a teenage girl named Abigail Williams, This selfish and thought less action precipitates much of the chaos in Salem. Perhaps ultimately he is simply human and has made the mistakes of many. But on the other hand proctor can be seen as a hero to his wife and to his friends, this is shown near to the conclusion of the story when he confesses to the crime of lechery to save his wife and his friends when trying to prove that the girls are lying and it was pretence. In the opinion of the viewers of the book would like for proctor to be a courageous hero, but he only starts to show signs of this during the end of the book but if viewing it as a puritan in the Salem society proctor would seem to be a villain as the amount of evidence shown in the text Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

50 Synonyms for Assistant

50 Synonyms for Assistant 50 Synonyms for Assistant 50 Synonyms for Assistant By Mark Nichol A number of words- many precise in meaning, as well as colorful and/or pejorative- exist to assist you in describing someone who works below another person. Here are fifty synonyms for assistant. 1. accomplice: an assistant, especially in the commission of a crime 2. adjunct: an assistant or associate (also, a short-term or junior faculty member, or something added or joined to another) 3. adjutant: a military officer who is an assistant and secretary to a superior officer 4. aide: an assistant, often in a military or political context (sometimes misspelled aid) 5. aide-de-camp: a military officer who is an assistant to a superior officer 6. apprentice: an assistant training to master a skill 7. attendant: an assistant or servant, or an employee who helps customers (also, someone who attends an event, or something that accompanies something else) 8. auxiliary: a member of a foreign military unit fighting alongside military units of another nation (also, a Catholic bishop subordinate to and not entitled to succeed the bishop of a diocese) 9. coadjutor: an assistant (also, a Catholic bishop subordinate to and often a successor to the bishop of a diocese) 10. cog: an assistant who is one of many or who has a minor role in a company or organization 11. deputy: a substitute or second in command (also, a member of a lower house of a legislative body) 12. domestic: a household servant 13. employee: someone who works for someone else or for a company or organization for pay; also spelled employe 14. factotum: a servant with multiple responsibilities (also, anyone with multiple responsibilities) 15. flunky: a person who performs various small tasks for an important or powerful person; also spelled flunkey and flunkie (also refers to a sycophant) 16. follower: someone in the service of another person 17. gofer: someone who performs errands or other simple tasks for another person (from â€Å"go for†) 18.–19. handmaiden: a female maid or servant; also handmaid (also, something inanimate that exists to assist or serve) 20. help: an employee or helper; often used collectively (â€Å"the help†) 21. helper: an assistant, especially an unskilled laborer who assists a skilled worker 22.–23. helpmate: an assistant who also serves as a companion, or a wife; also helpmeet 24. henchman: a trusted assistant (often used colloquially for a politician’s aide), or a subordinate member of a gang (originally, a page or squire to a nobleman) 25. hireling: someone paid to do an unpleasant or illicit task 26. lackey: a person who performs menial or unpleasant work for another (originally a footman or a general servant; also refers to a sycophant) 27. legman: someone who gathers information and/or runs errands for another person 28. lieutenant: someone who assists and/or substitutes for another person (also, a specific military rank or role) 29–30. maid/maidservant: someone who cleans and performs other tasks for another person (maid also refers to an unmarried girl or woman) 31–33. man Friday: a devoted, efficient assistant; also â€Å"girl Friday† or â€Å"gal Friday† (from the character named Friday in Robinson Crusoe) 34. mate: an assistant to a more skilled person (also various other meanings) 35. menial: a person who does boring or unpleasant work for another person 36. minion: someone who obeys another person 37. number two: a person immediately subordinate to a leader (from military slang) 38. personal assistant: someone who assists another person by performing tasks and running errands 39. retainer: a person who assists in a household 40. right hand: a key assistant 41. second-in-command: a person immediately subordinate to a leader (from military usage) 42. scullion: a kitchen servant 43. second: an assistant, especially to a boxer or a duelist (also various other meanings) 44. second fiddle: someone in a supporting role or with subordinate responsibilities (from an informal reference to the violinist who sits next to the principal violinist in a music ensemble) 45. servant: someone who assists another person in that person’s home, often by cleaning and/or cooking 46. sidekick: someone who assists another person; traditionally refers to an assistant and companion to a heroic character 47. steward: someone who manages someone else’s household and/or property (also, someone who provides food and drinks in an institution or on a vehicle or vessel, or who manages finances or carries out other administrative duties) 48. subordinate: someone who works below someone else 49. swamper: a handyman or helper (also someone inhabiting or familiar with a swampy area) 50. underling: a low-ranking person who works for someone more powerful Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? 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Assignment Vietnam War Essays

Assignment Vietnam War Essays Assignment Vietnam War Essay Assignment Vietnam War Essay Assignment Vietnam War Michelle Caudillo HIS/135 July 17, 2011 Mona Rocha During the Vietnam War there was a draft called the Selective Service System. When men turned eighteen, they had to register with the draft. The draft had many changes; one was that if an individual was enrolled in college they could receive a deferment and not have to be drafted in the military until after college. However, once they graduated their name would be put to the top of the list to be drafted and deployed immediately. With this policy in effect many colleges and universities became involved in anti-war movements. Most of the faculty and students did not believe in the war and its cause. Between the years of 1961 and 1973 the war claimed 57,000 American lives and left more than 300,000 wounded. (Davidson, 2005) Come graduation time many students feared the reality of the draft. Many students protested and voiced their opposition to the war. With fear there was the distrust of the government figures in charge and they publicly questioned the governmentâ„ ¢s judgment on handling the war. When the United States announced they would begin to send troops to Cambodia there was such a large protest that the National Guard had to be called in to control the situation. There was fear the protesting would turn into rioting and businesses would get damaged in the process. Come May 4th, 1970, Kent State Universityâ„ ¢s anti-war rally grew to almost 3,000 people in support of the anti-war movement. The National Guard had to use tear gas, when that did not work due to windy weather they attempted to enforce the Ohio Riot Act with raised bayonets, forcing demonstrators to retreat. (Kent State University, n.d.) As a result of the National Guard attack toward the protestors, nine students were injured, one of which was left paralyzed, and four died. This incident put Kent State University in the spotlight and added fuel to the 1970â„ ¢s continuing anti-war movement. Many Americans feared them and their families could be victims on another incident like the Kent State University event. Parents began to question the draft, the Vietnam War, and American politics. Many of the peace talks that were organized were not carried out so peacefully. American soldierâ„ ¢s lives were not the only things that Americans paid with for the war. The United States had put in over $120 million into supporting the war and the soldiers. With that inflation rose and President Johnson had to raise taxes. Unfortunately, the Republicans would not approve the tax raise with their being a cut to the social welfare programs. It was clear the United States did not have the resources or wealth to remain dominant over the world. President Nixonâ„ ¢s Doctrine allowed America escape itâ„ ¢s military obligations by placing responsibility on other allied countries. With this happening, Americaâ„ ¢s foreign military sales went from $1.8 billion to $15.2 billion in the next six years. (Davidson, 2005) As America was withdrawing from the Vietnam War it began looking for ways to contain the Soviets without the use of violence. They first needed to remove any threat of the Sovietâ„ ¢s nuclear weapons. The United States allowed some nuclear concessions and the Soviets vowed to lower their supply, with both nations agreeing not to make any new missiles by signing Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty. The United States then began to make diplomatic relations with China with hopes that this would have the Soviets work with the United States. References Davidson, J. (Ed.). (2005). Nation of nations: A concise narrative of the American republic (4th ed., vol. 2). New York: McGraw-Hill. May 4th, 1970 (n.d.). May 4th, 1970 General Information. Retrieved from http://dept.kent.edu/ksumay4/welcome.htm

Three Reasons Companies Move Jobs Either to or from the USA Assignment

Three Reasons Companies Move Jobs Either to or from the USA - Assignment Example The USA, being the world’s biggest economy, does not operate in isolation and effectively companies have moved jobs out and into the country. Conversely, there are different reasons for companies to move jobs out and into the country. While the key reasons for companies moving jobs out of the USA range from labor arbitrage and avoidance bureaucratic regulations, companies moving jobs into the country cite high inflation on wages as the main reason of moving their plants and operations back to the country. This expose therefore elucidates three reasons companies move jobs either from or to the USA. One of the reasons that companies move their jobs overseas, especially the manufacturing processes, is to take advantage of lower wages abroad especially in poor countries. Labor arbitrage is the process of taking advantage of lower wages in any type of business operation (â€Å"Moving back to America†). China is one of the countries that offer cheap labor and essentially companies from the USA move their manufacturing plants to the country in order to lower the cost of production and improve their profit margins. A study conducted in 2002 to determine the manufacturing industry’s compensation of workers in China, showed that factories in China labor compensated their employees 64 cents an hour. In comparison, the same study found out that a similar compensation in the USA job market stood at $21.11. In this case, companies with manufacturing plants in the USA would want to take advantage of the low labor wages in China and in other countries offering cheap labor. It is crucial to note that companies expect to have a high return on investment (ROI). In effect, one way to ensure that they achieved this objective is through a reduction in the cost of operation. Therefore, cheap labor ensured that the cost of operation remained low and therefore companies achieved the objective of having a high return on investment. However, the USA job market does not offer cheap labor, as most companies would like. While the study only covered the hourly-wages only, a further study with scanty data available in China indicated that this figure of 64 cents rose to $1.06 when considering other benefits and insurance (â€Å"Just How Cheap is Chinese Labor?†). This figure is still relatively low in comparison to the USA labor and explained company’s preference for the Chinese labor marke t. Labor arbitrage might be the main reason that American based companies cut their workforce in the country in order to expand abroad in the 2000s. In this regard, the Chinese job market witnessed 260% additional jobs by America based companies that translated into 943,900 jobs since 1999 to 2009 (Wessel). In this case, it is imperative to point out that cheap labor might be the key reason that attracted these multinationals to the Chinese job market. To prove this point, these US based multinationals decreased their job levels in Germany by 2% while jobs in the UK and France labor markets increased by 8% and 2% respectively (Wessel). It is crucial to note that, the same study that showed the average labor wages for china as $1.03 showed that he same wages paid to a factory worker in these three countries averaged $14.22 (â€Å"Just How Cheap Is Chinese Labor Market?†). The availability of cheap labor is not the only reason that makes USA based